Instrument Flight Rules

disclaimer

NOTE: I am still drafting these pages

This publication is for my own edification; you need to cross-check and verify the contents and I assume no liability for omissions, mistakes nor for any changes made by CASA - which are continual.

Introduction

It is problematic keeping up with CASA regulations because they keep re-writing them, they even have a web-link about how they are changing the rules and seem proud that they are doing so, and paint it in the light that it as good for the industry and safety. Meanwhile they also state that they are the enforcers. It seems they are there perpetuating employment for the legislation drafters and inflicting the impost of change on the aviation industry while claiming compatibility with the FARs. Terming this as a self-licking ice-cream would be harsh but that is the observation it engenders. They claim it is a consultative process proudly as well.

Why Australia has to re-write its own legislation that is incompatible and non-transferable to other Aviation States is the reason that Australia is considered the back-water of Aviation. Our maintenance engineering qualifications and engineering certificates are poorly recognized by the FAA for example.

It is the story of Australian Aviation, me make our own rules instead of recognizing and adopting the world's best FAA system, so as a result our Aviation Industry is suffering e.g. the FAA has pilot self-declared medial certification that CASA has so far said they need more time to understand and thus for over 6 years are refusing to provide - yet RAAUS has had self-declared medical certification since inception, and fly similar, if not the same aircraft in the same skies.

The new Part 91 changes to the CASR are that comprehensive, and full of legalese, that CASA have developed a Plain English guide, and they are now up to version 2.0 of this guide, and the CASR 1998 is not up to drafting 97!

This wiki-page is a collection of my notes used to refresh myself, and hopefully provide others with indications of the requirements for safe flight under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), and forms part of my self-training material. There are several sources containing information on the web for the proficient IFR pilot, and I can recommend the Cheat Sheet as a good source.

Instrument Flight Rules

The IFR_Regulations are spread across the CASR 1998, Manual of Standards for each relevant Part, and with advisories in the AIP. Since the legisation is at the 97 draft of CASR 1998 and moving around we have some items in CASR 1998 and others in the MOS; the IFR Regulations is a page with pointers/hints as to where to find relevant regulation. It is very difficult to site law when the law keeps changing (call IFR_Regulations as the cross-reference sheet which can be used and updated when the regulations are change. I will use it to find and correct references in the other pages on a case-by-case basis.

fuel reserves

• Part 91 MOS CASR Part 91 MOS Chapter 19, table 19.02 (2), Item 3 for aeroplanes with MTOW less than 5,700 kg (piston engine or turboprop) under IFR, or
• Part 135 MOS, CASR Part 135 MOS Chapter 7.

• 91.455 Fuel requirements (MOS 19.02)

At commencement of a flight the minimum amount of usable fuel required to be onboard at the commencement of a flight must be the sum of:

• taxi fuel
• trip fuel
• destination alternate fuel (if required)
• holding fuel (if required)
• contingency fuel (if applicable)
• final reserve fuel
• additional fuel (if applicable)

radio calls

class-C airspace

TBA (I was trained and live under class-C airspace and will provide this later for the edification of others_

class-D airspace

TBA (I was not trained specifically in class-D airspace and find it a little strange - I will provide this later for my edification

class-G airspace

Situation	Report
Taxiing	Report the situation
Departure	Report the situation
Reaching cruising level	Report the situation
Position report when required by ATC, or route reporting requirements of the AIP	Report the situation
Previously reported position estimate is more than 2 minutes in error (and not identified by Radar/ADS-B)	Report Situation
Before changing level	Report the situation
Before changing frequency	Report the situation
Requiring clearance into controlled airspace	Report the situation (strange ATC usually tell you)
Before leaving controlled airspace on descent	Report the situation (stange usually ATC tell you clear to leave controlled area on descent
Before changing to CTAF (when not monitoring the ATS frequency on a second communication system)	Report the situation
After landing If cancelling SARWATCH	cancel SARWATCH destination

equipment

Garmin G500 PFD with MFD terrain and NAV map	Garmin G500 ILS approach with vectors class-C
Garmin G500 2D approach with azimuth and lateral guidance	Garmin G500 3D RNAV/LVP approach

I will concentrate of modern aircraft equipment where information is displayed on

• Primary Function Display which displays:
  • speed
    • Ground Speed - sourced from GPS
    • Indicated Airspeed - sourced from pitot-static system pressure differential
    • True Air Speed - calculated from GS, IAS, OAT and pressure altitude
  • vertical speed (tape)
  • altitude tape - with altitude bug
  • Artificial Horizon
  • HSI - with heading bug and Course Deviation Indicator
  • Vertical Guidance window - with GS bug and vertical speed advisories
  • Radar Altimeter
  • Altitude Mimimums - area, approach and Decision Altitude
• Multi Function Display which can display:
  • Maps
  • Terrain
  • Traffic Information or Traffic Collision Advisories

resolution

snapped from the web; the pilot in me says mate you are not going to intercept that with a rate one turn

analogue HSI

CDI / LOC HSI
Enroute:	(+-) 5.0nm
Enroute WAAS/ENR 2.0	(+-) 2.0nm WAAS
Terminal:	(+-) 1.0nm
Approach:	(+-) 0.3nm
VOR CDI	full scale is 10 degrees
ILS CDI	full scale is 2.5 degrees
GS	full scale is 0.7 degrees

For a two dot scale in VOR mode; each dot is 5 degrees; for a 5 dot scale the dots are 2 degrees. A missed approach is initiated when the CDI reaches half-scale.

Parameter	Tolerance
azimuth guidance using NDB	+/- 5 degrees of nominated track using azimuth guidance
2D approach lateral guidance	+/- half scale using CDI (which includes CDI on NDB waypoint) +/- 2 nm of DME / GNSS arc
3D lateral lateral	+/- half scale using CDI +/- 2 nm of DME / GNSS arc
3D vertical guidance	+/- half scale +/- 75' for RNP Baro VNAV for RNP LVP aircraft configuration above half scale are acceptible transients above 1/2 in turbulence are acceptable
Minimum Altitude	+100'.- 0' limits Missed Approach must be initiate above Minimms

Alternates

Part 91 MOS 8.04-8.08

Alternates Could Very Well Prove Life Savers.

Alternates are required when:

• Aids - alternate is required for destination not served by an approach (the pilot can use), alternate minima is as published in an approach, or is enroute LSALT + 500'.
• Cloud - alternate is required when arrival is up to 30 minutes prior to forecast of
  • cloud more that SCT below algternate minima
  • visibility less than alternate minima, or forecast is 30& prob of fog, mist, dust or other visibility limitation
  • cross-wind more than the capability of the aircraft (or pilot)
• Provided and Probability - when forecast not provided, or TAF has probability of conditions below the alternate minima
• Lighting - alternate required when portable lighting is in use, or there is no standby power, or PAL if a responsible person is not in attendance.

dual VHF; or VHF, HF and 30 minutes of fuel to allow alert of ground staff; or sufficient fuel until daylight

• Storms - alternate required when arrival is within 30 minutes prior of a forecast of thunderstorms or turbulence of at least 30% probability

additional fuel must be carried, in the event of INTER 30 minutes, or TEMPO 60 minutes.

Special alternate minima are available for dual equipped ILS/VOR capable aircraft only.